Concerns about ethics and artificial intelligence have been growing among experts. Earlier this year, a Swedish researcher tasked an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm dubbed GPT-3 to write a 500-word academic thesis about itself. According to TheSun, The researcher, Almira Osmanovic Thunström, admitted that she was “in awe” as the program began to create the content, she recounted for Scientific American.

“Here was novel content written in academic language, with well-grounded references cited in the right places and in relation to the right context,” she said. In fact, the thesis was so good, that Thunström hoped to publish it in a peer-reviewed academic journal. However, this task presented many ethical and legal questions for the scientist.

She noted that philosophical arguments about nonhuman authorship also began to plague her thoughts. “All we know is, we opened a gate,” Thunström wrote. “We just hope we didn’t open a Pandora’s box.” Before scientific articles can get peer-reviewed, authors need to give consent for publishing.

“How would I know? It’s not human! I had no intention of breaking the law or my own ethics,” she added. She then asked the program directly if it agreed to be the first author of a paper together with herself and her colleague Steinn Steingrimsson. Once it answered and wrote back “Yes”, Thunström said she was relieved.

“If it had said no, my conscience could not have allowed me to go on further,” Thunström added. The researchers also asked the AI if it had any conflicts of interest, to which the algorithm replied “no.” At that point, the process had gotten a bit funny for Thunström and her colleague, as they were beginning to treat GPT-3 as a sentient being, even though they “fully” understood it’s not, she said.